Questions Essays - Case Law, Law, , Term Papers

Questions: 1. Why was Gitlow v. New York important? How does it apply to the question, "When should schools be able to limit students' online speech?" The Gitlow v New York case was important because it persuaded the Supreme Court into thinking that the First Amendment should be applied to other levels of government, instead of just to the federal government. This meant public schools, as well, which explains how this case applies to the question, "When should schools be able to limit students' online speech?" After the Supreme Court gave way to this rule, they were forced to allow certain limits on that freedom, knowing that some people might take advantage of the right to free speech. These limits were set in order to protect the well-being of others and our community. Thus, because of this ruling, it can clearly be seen when schools should be able to limit students' online speech. It is obvious, from this case, that they should use the limits set by the Supreme Court, and no other ones of their own. That is how this case applies to the question of "When should schools be able to limit students' online speech?" 2.Why was Tinker v. Des Moines important?How does it apply to the question, "When should schools be able to limit students' online speech?" The case of Tinker v. Des Moines was important because it ended in the Supreme Court ruling that students, like from the case, have free speech rights that do not end at the schoolhouse door. However, the Court also ruled that if student conduct substantially disrupts classwork or involves the invasion of the rights of others, the First Amendment does not protect it. Thus, the Supreme Court painted a fine line between having free speech rights outside of school and abusing this right at school or elsewhere. Secondly, this case applies to the question, "When should schools be able to limit students' online speech?" because it places even more limits on how much schools can limit students' online speech, for the Supreme Court ruled that school cannot only be the place for free speech, but should be accepted anywhere else, as well. Although, at the same time it also gave the school officials some advantages for the Supreme Court ruling also stated that if a student abuses his/her right, by behaving in a certain way that may disrupt classwork, then the First Amendment does not protect him/her. Therefore, the school can punish the student, which in the eyes of the Supreme Court would be fair. That is how this case applies to the question, "When should schools be able to limit students' online speech?" 3. Why was the case of Morse v. Frederick important?How does it apply to the question, "When should schools be able to limit students' online speech?" The case of Morse v. Frederick was important because during this case, the Supreme Court decided that schools could punish speech at school events, even off school grounds. Basically, a student could say something very insulting at a graduation ceremony in some venue rented by the school, and still be punished. This case applies to the question stated above, because only through this case, were school officials able to gain some power and support in limiting students' online speech. Of course, it was discussed above that schools should obviously be able to limit students' speech at school, if it was to be very insulting or disruptive, but this case put a wider view on this issue, allowing school officials to punish students' off-campus. Therefore, it applies to the question state above because this case enabled school officials to punish students for the supposed "abuse" of their speech, even off school grounds, which in some ways applies to online speech, as well. 4. Why are school officials concerned about students' online speech, even when it occurs outside of school hours and off school property? School officials are concerned about students' online speech, even when it occurs outside of school hours and off school property because it can spread quickly through many databases, easily spill over into schools and can hurt young people or students. Therefore, online speech is very effective and easy to find out about. Online

Karl Marx and George Shaw

Karl Marx and George Shaw Introduction Karl Marx’s article was essential in explaining how the working class and the elite relate to one another through the capitalist machinery, while the play ‘Mrs. Warren’s Profession’ confirms Marx’s assertions by portraying the effects of an exploitative system of labor. The paper will start with the basics of Marx’s theory in the book and relate them to its manifestations in Shaw’s play. Thereafter, the report will identify commonalities between these two writer’s schools of thought and make a conclusion.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Karl Marx and George Shaw specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Comparison Karl Marx argues that the failures of capitalism will eventually lead to its destruction because it is self contradictory. Marx affirms that wages are what a laborer receives for his work; it is thus a commodity like the equipment that the employer uses to get work done or the lease agreement that he pays in order to open shop. Therefore, labor may be regarded as an investment in production. A worker has the option of selling his labor (commodity) to any investor he chooses at any time. However, he has no right to refrain from selling it at all as he will have no earnings and no means to sustain himself; as the author eloquently puts it â€Å"he works in order to live† (Marx 204). A laborer’s life is all about selling his labor for sustenance. In other words, capitalism has minimized his choices and forced him to contend with this scheme of things. The same concepts prevail in George Bernard Shaw’s play Mrs. Warren’s profession. In this Victorian society, men have no option but to sell their labor. However, women experience even worse predicaments than their male counterparts. They can only sell their labor if they are as highly educated as Vivie. Most of them do not even have the option of exchang ing labor for wages. They must reduce themselves to prostitutes or unhappy wives. Capitalism is inherently exploitative in the play because it gives male workers minimal choices and women even worse alternatives. Karl Marx explains that capitalism is exploitative because employers steal the actual value of worker’s input for benefits. When a laborer works for the capitalist, his pay is equivalent to his value as a commodity. The wage is what is necessary to create the laborer as the employer must train and prepare him for the job (Marx 207). However, Marx notes that laborers produce more value than they consume, and this makes the employer-employee relationship unequal. In order to get profit, capitalists take advantage of the surplus value that a worker produces. For instance, if a worker need to give 6 hours of his time in order to match his sustenance, then any extra hours will be a surplus that exceeds the value of what it took to produce the worker. The stolen excess of a laborer’s worth is an employer’s gain (Marx 208). Therefore, no equal exchange takes place between workers and employers; cheap labor is the means with which the ruling class attains its status.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These sentiments echo throughout George Bernard Shaw’s play. Vivie learns about Mrs. Warren’s profession from her mother. When Mrs. Warren defends her profession, she says â€Å"How could you keep your self respect in such starvation and slavery? And what’s a woman’s worth? What’s life worth? Without self respect! Where would we be now if we minded the clergyman’s foolishness? Scrubbing floors for one and six pence a day and nothing to look forward to but the workhouse infirmary† (Shaw 219). Mrs. Warren was conscious of the unequal exchange that takes place in most conventional p rofessions for women. The worth that women, in particular, provided their employers were in no way related to the meager earnings the got. These exploitative conditions were similar to the ones that slaves experienced. It should be noted that although George Shaw’s play appears to support prostitution, the industry is still just as exploitative as other conventional ones. This proves Karl Marx’s point that no matter how promising a certain industry may seem workers have no choice but to remain buyers of the capitalist class. The aristocrat Croft explains that he regarded the industry of prostitution as a highly profitable one. He asserted that if he turned away from this opportunity, then he would be behaving like an insensible man. Other people were seizing opportunities to make money in various industries so this should come as no surprise. The callousness inherent in the business world was evident in the profession of prostitution, as well. Mrs. Warren objects to th e exploitative nature of the business world; consequently, she chooses to become a prostitute (Shaw 260). However, she contradicts these objections by perpetuating the same level of exploitation against innocent girls. Mrs. Warren rose to the rank of madam by first starting as a conventional prostitute and then climbing the ranks. By running brothels in different parts of Europe, she is doing the same thing that caused her to become a prostitute in the first place. Just like capitalists who cannot survive with exploiting workers, Mrs. Warren could not become a madam without exploiting other women. Marx believed that workers have the freedom to move from one employer to another but never from one class to another. There were structures that kept the working class in their place. The meager wages that they derived from their work was never sufficient to remove them from this cycle; it was only enough to feed them or meet their basic needs. Likewise, in the case of prostitutes in Georg e Bernard Shaw’s play, they had wealth but no virtue; consequently, society never accepted them. One can see this when the Reverend hosts an event in which he finds it appalling that Mrs. Warren is attending it. Society was limiting their choices and ensuring that women always result to an underpaid and overworked position by frowning upon other alternatives to wealth creation. Capitalists make certain that they always have a constant supply of workers by minimizing their options and keeping them in lack.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Karl Marx and George Shaw specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Karl Marx notes that the interests of the working class will always antagonize those of the elite. Eventually, this may lead to the demise of the capitalist system as it will implode (Marx 209). When workers appear to be getting more wages as a result of growth in their places of work, this is equivalent to getting mor e crumbs from the rich man’s table as he is enjoying the lion’s share of those rising profits. Therefore, capitalism operates in a mutually exclusive way; one group will always benefit at the expense of another. Likewise in the play, Mrs. Warren chooses to become a prostitute because of her discontent with the exploitative nature of work. Many others like her enter this secret profession because their needs antagonize those of their employers. In essence, an implosion occurred in this society because capitalism had failed to live up to its promise. Prostitution was the unnatural response to a system of work that undermines the same people it depends on for survival. The author of the play Mrs. Warren’s Profession clearly indicates that he is a socialist and a firm supporter of Karl Marx’s principles in the book â€Å"Wage, labor and Capitalism†. One can determine this by the playwright’s choice of characters. Mr. Croft is a shrewd capitali st who does not even conceal the unethical nature of his business practices. In one situation, Croft even boasts about his business. He compares himself to his brother who is in charge of a factory that hires 600 girls. Croft believes that prostitution is far superior because even though his brother gets 22% from the factory, none of the girls earn enough to live comfortably. The audience reacts to this self righteousness by disliking Croft. George Bernard Shaw wanted to show that capitalists are often morally repugnant. Vivie’s response to Croft’s assertions enforces these sentiments. She explains that his words are quite offensive and polluting. One can, therefore, realize that the playwright was speaking out against injustices inherent in a capitalist world. In Karl Marx’s writing, he talks about the notion of the alienated worker. Since members of the working class have no choice but to keep selling their labor power to capitalists, most of them must contend with this role exclusively (Marx 206). They focus so much on creation of value for the employer that they even lose their humanity. Such people misplace their individualism and uniqueness thus becoming like machines. The same thing is evident in the play Mrs. Warren’s profession. The women in this play have lost their sense of humanity as society assesses their worth by how much they can clean or scrub (Shaw 66). Those who choose a daring path such as Mrs. Warren have also reduced their humanity to their secularity. Consequently, one can see that capitalism alienates workers and transforms them into machines.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Employers and many capitalists have created a lot of mystery concerning the way they do business as well as in the value of the things that they create. Karl Marx explains that commodities reflect the social relations and the labor that people put into them. The price of the item often obscures this fact (Marx 209). Capitalists have given money a mythical significance in order to neutralize their effects. Even bourgeois economists minimize the exchange of commodities to financial patterns alone. These individuals do not look at what happens in terms of the social aspects of money. Members of the lower class may, therefore, not be aware of the exploitative nature of wage labor. The shift away from the social relations of labor thus protects the proletariat from potential inquisitions and protests from the working class. Similarly, the same issue of deflecting the real value of commodities exists in the play Mrs. Warren’s Profession. Croft chose not to focus on the exploitativ e nature of his work and instead extolled the profits earned from the trade (Shaw 150). He was justifying his actions by talking about the amount of money made from the trade. However, prostitution still uses vulnerable girls to make profits; this case was not an exception. Conclusion Capitalism promotes class conflicts as explained by Karl Marx, which can only lead to undesirable consequences. George Bernard Shaw’s Victorian society exploits workers and gives females extraordinarily few choices for sustenance. As a result, some of them have lashed out against this exploitation through immoral acts such as prostitution. Marx, Karl. Wage Labor and Capital. Literary Theory: An Anthology. Ed. Julie Rivkin Michael Ryan. MA: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2004. 201-210. Print. Shaw, Bernard George. Mrs. Warren’s profession, NY: Broadview, 1902. Print.

Boyle Heights Los Angeles Community Needs Assessment

Boyle Heights Los Angeles Community Needs Assessment Boyle Heights is a neighborhood located on the east side of Los Angeles (Healthy City, 2010). An initial assessment of the community revealed issues of poverty and crime. According to the Los Angeles Police Department, Hollenbeck Division (2011), the majority of crimes committed in the Boyle Heights community are property crimes such as auto theft and burglary, however there are also violent crimes such as robbery and aggravated assaults (Los Angeles Police Department COMPSTAT, 2011). According to detective Antonio Macklin of the Hollenbeck police station in Boyle Heights, the majority of crimes are motivated by economic factors as Boyle Heights is a poor community (A. Macklin, personal communication, February 10, 2011). An initial drive and walk through the residential areas of the community of Boyle Heights revealed homes in various states of disrepair. The majority of houses are old. As one walks further along through the streets graffiti is visible. However, this is also a commu nity rich in cultural history. A further walk through the community reveals a historical museum, Mariachi Plaza, Murals depicting Mexican American Culture, Catholic Churches, and family-owned markets, restaurants and clothing stores. Despite crime in the area, children are observed playing in the streets, in the local parks and in their backyards. The community does have various parks and recreation centers as well as community centers. Community Characteristics Physical/Geographical Boyle Heights is located in East Los Angeles and its geographical boundaries are demarcated by the City of Vernon to the South, East Los Angeles to the east, Lincoln Heights and El Sereno to the north, Los Angeles River and Downtown Los Angeles to the West (City of Los Angeles, 2005). For the purpose of this needs assessment, the boundaries of Boyle Heights were narrowed to boundaries as defined by the Boyle Heights Neighborhood Council website (2011) consisting of Marengo Street to the North, 25th stre et to the South, Indiana street to the East and the Los Angeles River to the West (Boyle Heights Neighborhood Council, n.d.). Boyle Heights is a mixture of residential areas, commercial areas, open space and public facilities (City of Los Angeles, 2005). According to data obtained from HealthyCity.org (2010), there are 12 Parks and Recreational Centers within a one mile radius of the Boyle Heights community. Additionally, Boyle Heights has a variety of small businesses punctuated by assets in the community such as White Memorial Medical Center, the extension of the Metro Gold Line and Los Angeles USC Medical Center, which according to the President of the Boyle Heights Chamber of Commerce, Alicia Maldonado, these assets have â€Å"brought improvements to the community, jobs for the residents, customers to the retail establishments and better health care (Boyle Heights Chamber of Commerce, 2011, p. 1)†. Former resident of Boyle Heights, Geneva Garcia, who resided in the area f rom the 1950’s until 2009, stated that â€Å"independent of the presence of gangs and crime in the area†, she has fond memories of her childhood and her life in Boyle Heights because of the many parks, recreational activities, sports and other community activities available to her (G. Garcia, personal communication, February 10, 2011). Ms. Garcia also confirmed that the majority of the community is Latino. This has further been confirmed through data obtained from the HealthyCity.org website and observation of the community.

'International Trade in Intellectual Properties' Knowledge Diffusion Essay

'International Trade in Intellectual Properties' Knowledge Diffusion of Exploitation' - Essay Example Previously products that were regarded inferior in technology have been revamped to become more appealing and efficient on the technological end. All these aspects attest to the increasing trade being carried out across the borders in intellectual property (IP). Producers of goods are given by law the right to protect their ideas and creativity from being stolen and exploited by other people. Moreover producers can also negotiate and exchange these ideas at a price. This is referred to as intellectual property rights and occurs in an array of forms; for instance, copyrights can protect movies and books, trademarks can provide immunity from exploitation to product logos and patents can be applied to inventions. One of the reasons why such rights are being promoted is to encourage producers to come up with new ideas and practically apply them without the fear of them being exploited and stolen by competitors (1). Moreover the integration of IP into the trade regime has served to be a s olution to the shortcomings of the WIPO system (2). IP has evolved into a means of gaining competitive advantage in modern international trade. The rapid pace of technological advancements occurring all around the world coupled with increasing economic globalization has helped to create more competitiveness amongst countries. Amidst such high competition, the protection of ideas and creativity of producers helps to guarantee that rivals do not steal the idea and take credit away from the original producers (3). The economic worth of IP lies in the fact that it serves to advance and further competitive capability. One such example is the protection of IP with regard to the software industry in India. The transfer and exchange of IP is often seen amongst developing countries. This is because the economies of these nations are still budding and developing. There is a need for greater investment and transfer in research and technology along with improvements and advancements in certain industries such as manufacturing and service industries. One way of achieving such modernization is through the trading of intellectual property across the national border. The advantages of such barter not only lie in the acquisition of better and advanced technology by the buyer but also in greater economic gain for the seller. The trade of IP allows countries to commercialize and market the creativity of their producers and to achieve competitive advantage through it. Moreover countries who are importing IP are benefitted from the influx of an array of IP such as textbooks for the national education system, art works by talented artists etc (4). The recent trends in international trade are making the exchange of buying and selling much simpler and secure. When looking at the changes occurring by the advent of e-commerce, one can appreciate that no industry is changing at a more rapid rate than the technology transfer industry. This tech transfer industry primarily compromises of patent licensing executives, inventor-scientists, patent attorneys and technology brokers. These agents are responsible for the sale, purchase and licensing of IP all over the world. There are a number of factors motivating these people to barter IP on an international scale; these also portray the advantages of trading IP globally. IP can be exploited in two main ways: selling and licensing; a range of factors affect the

Police administration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Police administration - Essay Example In addition, the paper explores whether the course has helped me, in preparing to face the modern-day challenges facing the police. The main challenges facing the police force include governance. For a long time, the tripartite structure of the force that encompasses a home office, chief constable and police authority is largely non-operational. The structure is characterized by gross confusion over the roles that different policing agents should play; there is a replication of roles and responsibilities. Therefore, there is a need to address the inconsistencies in the governance of the force (VanHulle, 2011). For instance, the bureaucratic nature of the current police structure needs to be addressed with an aim of effective utility of the potential in the police force. There is also an issue with the skills and the expertise held by the different departments, which needs to be explored, and where possible consolidated in order to ensure the achievement of maximum value from the avai lable personnel (VanHulle, 2011). The satisfaction expected in the area of police governance includes coherence of command, which eliminates the availability of conflicts in orders and commands. Furthermore, satisfaction in this area will include the delivery of services in a way that ensures that confusion levels are low (VanHulle, 2011). Through the adoption of an effective police administration, there will be the avoidance of replication of roles and responsibilities. In effect, this establishes a reward system that recognizes the roles of all officers regardless of their rank. There is a challenge of cost cuts in instances where the police force is under pressure to show that they are operating in a financially efficient manner (COPS, 2011). One possible solution, in this case, would be investing in a common procurement and a common service administration model. Some of the cuts that may help in realizing this include the sharing of resources and using smarter volume purchasing. For instance, instead of the 43 forces having 43 HR centers, they could invest in a central HR administration (COPS, 2011). Price cuts could also be realized in the areas of procuring services and equipment as central procuring could reduce the overall cost of policing, by millions. The satisfaction expected from this challenging area is that the operations of the police force should be managed and administered in a professional manner. Furthermore, the deployment of funds and roles should be based on the strategic employment of resources – both human and financial (COPS 2011). There is a challenge that the police are expected to depict a reduction in crime, which could be realized through increasing the detection of crime at all areas of coverage. The changing nature of crimes, where new models and styles of crimes replace the existing ones, further escalates this problem. In effect, this calls for newer models to detect crime and realize the overall objective of crime redu ction (PERF, 2012). For instance, there is a need to improve stitching on instances where criminal activities of small or large magnitude can be investigated with the criminals subsequently subjected to penal action (PERF, 2012). The satisfaction expected in this area is that the police should remain updated on new patterns and the technologies used by criminals. For example, police investigations should be able to expose information –

Frankenstein and Blade Runner Essay Example for Free

Frankenstein and Blade Runner Essay Frankenstein and blade runner essay Which text do you feel better represents the values of the composer? You must refer to both texts in detail Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein and Ridley Scott’s Blade Runner are two texts from different centuries, but they both share the same values, themes and issues including; the natural world, scientific advancement, morality of humans and responsibility. Both texts use a variety of techniques to represent their values, themes and issues. The techniques used in both texts are reflective of their context and are able to strongly represent the values of both Frankenstein and Blade Runner. Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein was written in 1818. This was a period where romanticism was developing, a time which focused on the sublimity of nature and on the individual. This theme is evident throughout the novel and is used to emphasise the emotions of the characters and to suggest the power of nature for both beauty and destruction. Shelley often uses the sublimity of nature as an invigorating device for victor, â€Å"when happy, inanimate nature had the power of bestowing on me the most delightful sensations. A serene sky and verdant fields filled me with ecstasy. The present season was indeed divine; the flowers of spring bloomed in the hedges, while those of summer were already in bud. † Vivid imagery is used here to illuminate the peacefulness and contemplation of the sublime nature that is constantly surrounding victor. Shelley has also illustrated this notion further by the use of alliteration, â€Å"serene sky†, to capture how perfect the world is at that time, which reinforces the peacefulness of nature and how victor feels when he is surrounded by the natural world. Ridley Scott’s Blade Runner is set in a corrupted 21st century world. Similarly to Frankenstein, the natural world is evident but in Blade Runner it is seen as the unnatural world. In the first panoramic shot, the audience sees a destroyed world, a dark industrial urban wasteland which is heavily polluted. Visual irony is created here as it is meant to be Los Angeles, which means â€Å"city of angels†, but we see that it looks more like hell. We see that nature has been destroyed. Animals are rare and are presumed extinct, although the unicorn is seen as a natural creature in a natural setting. The unicorn symbolises the ambiguity of hope, freedom and spirit. There is no sign of any trees or plants except for a miniature Bonsai tree symbolising mans inherent desire to control nature to conform to what humanity believes is a better version. We also see constant darkness and rain, which is known as film noir and are the only aspects the audience sees when in an outside scene. The panoramic shot and film noir speculate the natural is now off world, that there is nothing natural, which creates a post apocalyptic tone. Shelley’s world was moving forward into the direction of industrialisation, exploration and scientific research. This is conveyed through characters such as Victor, Walton and Clerval who are all searching, exploring and attempting to make a discovery. We see in the start of the book Victor has an interest for natural philosophy, â€Å"natural philosophy is the genius that has regulated my fate. † The use of personification suggests that natural philosophy is a person that Victor idolises and wants to know everything he possibly can about it causing his interest to turn into an obsession. i became dizzy with immensity of the prospect which it illustrated, as surprised, that among so many men of genius who had directed their enquiries towards the same science, that i alone should be reserved to discover so astonishing a secret. † This quote establishes that Victor is intelligent and is able to intellectually break barriers beyond those that have ever been broken an d discover the source of life. Hence, now being able to create his ‘monster’. Similarly in Scott’s film we see that 21st century L. A is all about scientific activity and advancements in technology. It is a world based on commerce, as we can see throughout the entire film through the blimp that promotes going off world and big wall signs i. e. the Asian lady taking pills. Technology is also used to detect what is and isn’t human i. e. the Voight Komph test. Disembodied voices are used on the street i. e. when crossing roads it says â€Å"walk† and â€Å"don’t walk†. All these aspects of technology are a way of controlling the population of L. A. Scientific activity is seen through Tyrell, a scientist, who is the creator of all replicant things i. e. humans and animals. â€Å"Commerce is our goal here and our motto is more human than human†, this quote was said by Tyrell and reflects on Tyrell’s attitude towards life. He takes the role of God, creating life trying to make the replicants smarter and stronger than real humans, feeling as though he is dominant over everyone else in the world. This is shown through upwards tilt of the camera on Tyrell’s building, making him appear larger and above everybody else. Victor Frankenstein does not truly contemplate of foresee the consequences of his scientific quest to create life, nor does he take the moral responsibility for his creation afterwards. Victor continually justifies why he refuses to take responsibility for his creation, which is solely because he doesn’t want to incriminate himself and be punished, although he stated â€Å" a new species would bless me as its create and source; many happy and excellent natures would owe their being to me. This shows Victor’s lack of morality and reveals his ego through the use of unreliable narrator. Scott’s film raises concerns of scientific advancements and its lack of morality and responsibility for those it affects. Blade Runner represents its values through ambiguity. Blade Runner leaves it up to the viewer’s own judgement of morality and responsibility within the film. An example of this is through the use of cinematography in the scene where Deckard ‘retiresà ¢â‚¬â„¢ Zhora. Passersby walk past without showing any concern or emotion to what has happened. The lack of morality and responsibility arouses deep emotions of anger and dislike. Scott is not as assertive in representing his values as Shelley is. Through the use of camera shots, cinematography and irony he easily represents his values but through the use of ambiguity he leaves things for interpretation from the viewers. Due to the ambiguity present in Blade Runner, some viewers may be unable to identify the values that are present, so therefore the values stated in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein are better represented.

The Dismal Washington Square, by Henry James :: Washington Square Henry James

The Dismal Washington Square, by Henry James Curiosity about how Washington Square was received at the time it was written lead me to search for a review done at the time the book was published. Expecting that the late nineteenth century reader would have a different view of the work than a late twentieth century reader, it came as a surprise to find that an anonymous review in the February 1881 issue of Spectator related views similar to my own. The reviewer described the book as "dismal," filled with a "leaden-coloured group of emotions," while still conveying a "genius" for "painting character, and genius for conceiving unalloyed dismalness of effect, without tragedy and without comedy" (Gard 88-90). While I agree that the book was dismal and lacked a certain depth of emotion, I did not think it was without tragedy in the character of Catherine, or comedy courtesy of Aunt Penniman. The anonymous reviewer asks the question: "why is the whole painted against that blank, leaden sky, not merely of absolute hopelessness, but absolute indifference to hope?" (Gard 89) To me, this clearly referred to Catherine for whom hope is an alien concept. Her everlasting endeavors to please her father who perceived her as inferior because of her gender and her singular lack of distinction, eliminated hope from her reservoir of emotions. The tug-of-war between Townsend and her father over Catherine, not for her own sake, but for money, robbed "her of her admiration for her father" (Gard 89), and a fickle fiancà ©e. These loses she suffered behind "her ancient facility for silence" (James 216). Catherine lived her life trying to please others in a bid for love and approval, and ended up without love from anyone or the hope of acquiring it, which made her a tragic figure. Others might consider having to live with Aunt Penniman ad infinitum to be a tragedy. Aunt Penniman did, however, offer some moments of comic relief with her "silly love of intrigue" (Gard 89) and her romantic flights of fancy. Who could not be amused by Aunt Penniman describing Morris Townsend as an "imperious" man "of great force of character," and saying to herself , "That's the sort of husband I should have had!" (James 38) The anonymous reviewer indicts James as showing genius in creating his characters, but showing no caring for their fate, which leads to his final comment on the book, "If you desire a consummately clever study of perfect dreariness, you have it in

Chinese Water Scarcity

Abstract In my opinion, China is threatened by the fresh water scarcity problem right now. According to this, I will try to design a best way which is suitable for China to solve this issue by comparing and contrasting different countries’ methods. I have collected some background information from the internet and extracted the main idea into a form. After analyzing it, I have reached a conclusion that reducing the factories which are creating pollutant into the rivers or lakes by establishing a special legal system is the most suitable way for China. This is a convenient and long-lasting project. 1. IntroductionTable 1. 0 Solution to solve water scarcity | |Water supply |Water demand | |Increase water supply |^ |Same | |Decrease water demand |Same |v | |both |^ |v | The purpose of the research is to find the information about water scarcity and to improve the water scarcity problem in China. I choose to increase the water supply as my original solution, and I have develped a creative solution based on the original one.As a result, the thesis of my research is to reduce the polluted water which comes from the factories is a effective way to improve the fresh water scarcity. Aquatic ecosystems cover about 70 percent of the Earth's surface. There are many kinds of animal life in the aquatic systems including microscopic zooplankton and all sizes of marine mammals. (eHow ND) 2. 0 Methodology China is now facing increasingly severe water scarcity problem, especially in the northern part of China. The character of China's water scarcity is the insufficiency of local water resources and the water quality which is decreasing because of the water pollution. Jiang 2009) Due to the increasing population and the developing of many big cities in China, Chinese government must take action as soon as possible to improve the situation although it is a long-term task. In my opinion, the easiest way to improve this problem in a relatively short time is to establish a cer tain policy system so that the factories which create a lot of pollution can be reduced. This method can also save a lot of time and money. All that Chinese government has to do is just check if the local government is following the rules.There are several data sources such as the internet, textbooks of science from last semester, and I will also collect some information and experience from other countries' methods so that I can compare them in different situation to find the most effective way. The data that I have collected has helped me a lot to analyze the problem. This includes other countries’ methods to solve the issue. Then I compare them all to try to figure out which way is the most suitable for the situation in China. To sum up, the information that I got from several ways is really useful for me. 3. Findings Table 2. Three main fresh water issues in China | |Description |Current plans | |Issue #1 |Wastewater pollution |Wastewater improvement project | |Issue #2 | Pollution of fresh water lakes |Ge help from Asian Development Bank | |Issue #3 |Uneven distribution of fresh water |South-to-north water diversion project | Here are three main fresh water issues in China. First is about the wastewater pollution in China.For example, Tianjin is the third largest industrial city in China. However, the whole city’s drainage system and its wastewater treatment are far behind its industrial development. In order to deal with the problem, Tianjin Municipal Government has introduced a waste water improvement project, the World Bank also provide some help for them. Also, Chao Lake is one of the five largest lakes in China which locates in Shanghai, is also damaged because of the rapid development of industry and urban areas. The Shanghai government is also try to get help from the Asian Development Bank. Min ND) Second issue is the uneven distribution of fresh water. South areas in China is facing the threaten of floods, however, there is not enoug h rainfall in north areas. The Chinese government has started a great project called south-to-north water diversion project since 2004. For more information about this project, see This project is still lasting until now. I believe that it will works very well to solve this problem. The third issue is about water pollution. Even in the places where the fresh water is rich, water pollution is also decreasing the fresh water supply.So the environmentalists are trying to reduce the factories which produce a lot of wastewater into the freshwater lakes. This work would be a long-lasting project for the whole country. In my opinion, globalization has both positive and negative impacts for the water scarcity in China. First, Chinese government can get a lot of help from other countries after globalization. As I said, Tianjin and Shanghai have already got financial help from some global banks. We can also absorb other countries’ experiences and methods to improve the water scarcity i ssues. However, there are also several disadvantages.Some international companies would start their municipal companies in other countries. Such small companies are usually factories which would create a lot of pollution into the seas or lakes. This kind of factories harms the environment a lot. Also, globalization may have bad impacts on the developing countries such as China. This is because that we are not strong enough to prevent the risks from happening. 4. 0 Discussion America also has water scarcity problem. For example, the Lake Mead, which supplies water for about 22 million people, will be dry by 2021.Also, the water from Colorado River may soon be compelled to cease pumping water to other places because of its water scarcity. The main reason for this is the global warming is fastening the speed of water evaporation. The American environmentalists suggest that they can dig ponds or underwater receptacles. Fortunately, this low-tech method has already helped the farmers in China. (Snyder, ND) India is also a typical country which has very drastic water scarcity problem. This issue even has a negative impact on the whole country’s food security because the farmers do not have enough water to irrigate the farmland.India is a developing country; however, the water scarcity limits the development of agriculture. The geological environment of India includes desert, plain, and tundra, so the climate changes very fast, this situation only makes the problem worse. So the Indian government starts to use a kind of special irrigation method, drip irrigation, and it is trying to improve the water management system. (Chatterjee ND) According to the findings, I have got a conclusion that the methods to solve fresh water issues depend on different situations in different countries.So, because China is a developing country, the industry and agriculture needs to be improved, reducing the factories which are producing pollutant can not only improve the environme nt, but also provide more space for other companies to develop. As I have mentioned, Chinese government has already made a plan to solve those issues above. In my opinion, in spite of getting help from the big banks, the government can also hire some environmentalists who have a lot of experiences to design a new drainage system for the factories.This can prevent the wastewater from flowing to the lakes or seas from its origin. I think that this research is really helpful to solve the fresh water issue. I have compared and contrast several countries which are really typical for this problem. Then I find the best way that is very suitable for China. If this plan can be adopted, I believe that it will be really effective. As I have mentioned in the introduction part, my original solution to solve the water scarcity problem is to increase water supply. Then I develped a creative solution according to the resesarch I have down on the internet.So I think that to reduce the factories whic h produce a lot of wastewater is a effective way to increase water supply. However, there are also several factors that can influence the findings. For example, the situations are different in different parts of China. Also, the geological environment is different. These are the aspects that I think may interfere with the findings. 5. 0 Conclusions and Recommendations There are some advantages that I think for my solution. First, this solution is the conclusion I have got after compare and contrast several different countries.It is suitable for China’s situation. Second, this method is easy to do, it will not cost a lot of money or need a lot of people to do it. These are the reasons that I think Chinese government would adopt this solution. If the solution can be adopted, the government should make some special policies or laws to restrict the factories to prevent them from creating much pollution. Second, the government should let some people to go to all the industrial cit ies to check if the factories are following the rules.Then they should check the quality of water once a month so the environmentalists can know if the situation is improving. Reference Jiang,Y (2010), Water Scarcity – China, the encyclopedia of Earth , [online] Available at: http://www. eoearth. org/article/Water_scarcity_-_China [Accessed 10 March, 2013] Gast, C (ND), Definition of an aquatic ecosystem, [online] Available at: http://www. ehow. com/about_6307480_definition-aquatic-ecosystem. html [Accessed 10 March, 2013] Min, K (ND), Water Pollution in China, ScienceCentral. com, [online] Available at: http://darwin. bio. ci. edu/~sustain/suscoasts/krismin. html [Accessed 10 March, 2013] Chatterjee, S, (ND), The battle of water – India’s food insecurity compounded by water scarcity, [online] Available at: http://www. trust. org/alertnet/blogs/the-battle-for-water/indias-food-insecurity-compounded-by-water-scarcity [Accessed 10 March, 2013] Snyder, S, (ND), Wat er Scarcity – The U. S. connection, the Water Project, [online] Available at: http://thewaterproject. org/water_scarcity_in_us. asp [Accessed 10 March, 2013] Appendices Picture 3. 0 South-to-north water diversion project in China

History of Chess

The precursors of chess originated in India during the Gupta Empire,[2][3][4][5] where its early form in the 6th century was known as chatura? ga, which translates as â€Å"four divisions (of the military)†: infantry, cavalry, elephantry, and chariotry, represented by the pieces that would evolve into the modern pawn, knight, bishop, and rook, respectively. [6] Chess was introduced to Persia from India and became a part of the princely or courtly education of Persian nobility. 7] In Sassanid Persia around 600 the name became chatrang, which subsequently evolved to shatranj, due to Arab Muslim’s lack of ch and ng native sounds,[8] and the rules were developed further. Players started calling â€Å"Shah! † (Persian for â€Å"King! â€Å") when attacking the opponent's king, and â€Å"Shah Mat! † (Persian for â€Å"the king is helpless† – see checkmate) when the king was attacked and could not escape from attack.These exclamations persisted in chess as it traveled to other lands. The game was taken up by the Muslim world after the Islamic conquest of Persia, with the pieces largely keeping their Persian names. The Moors of North Africa rendered Persian â€Å"shatranj† as sha? erej, which gave rise to the Spanish acedrex, axedrez and ajedrez; in Portuguese it became xadrez, and in Greek zatrikion, but in the rest of Europe it was replaced by versions of the Persian shah (â€Å"king†).Thus, the game came to be called ludus scacchorum or scacc(h)i in Latin, scacchi in Italian, escacs in Catalan, echecs in French (Old French eschecs); schaken in Dutch, Schach in German, szachy in Polish, sahs in Latvian, skak in Danish, sjakk in Norwegian, schack in Swedish, sakki in Finnish, sah in South Slavic languages, sakk in Hungarian and sah in Romanian; there are two theories about why this change happened: 1. From the exclamation â€Å"check† or â€Å"checkmate† as it was pronounced in various languages. 2.From the first chessmen known of in Western Europe (except Iberia and Greece) being ornamental chess kings brought in as curios by Muslim traders. The Mongols call the game shatar, and in Ethiopia it is called senterej, both evidently derived from shatranj. Chess spread directly from the Middle East to Russia, where chess became known as (shakhmaty, treated as a plural). The game reached Western Europe and Russia by at least three routes, the earliest being in the 9th century. By the year 1000 it had spread throughout Europe. [9] Introduced into the IberianPeninsula by the Moors in the 10th century, it was described in a famous 13th century manuscript covering shatranj, backgammon and dice named the Libro de los juegos. Chess spread throughout the world and many variants of the game soon began taking shape. [10] Buddhist pilgrims, Silk Road traders and others carried it to the Far East where it was transformed and assimilated into a game often played on the intersection of the li nes of the board rather than within the squares. [10][11] Chaturanga reached Europe through Persia, the Byzantine empire and the expanding Arabian empire. 12] Muslims carried chess to North Africa, Sicily, and Iberia by the 10th century. [10] The game was developed extensively in Europe, and by the late 15th century, it had survived a series of prohibitions and Christian Church sanctions to almost take the shape of the modern game. [13] Modern history saw reliable reference works,[14] competitive chess tournaments[15] and exciting new variants which added to the game's popularity,[15] further bolstered by reliable timing mechanisms (first introduced in 1861), effective rules[15] and charismatic players. [16]

Scaffold in Scarlet Letter Symbolism essays

Scaffold in Scarlet Letter Symbolism essays The framework of that instrument of discipline, so fashioned as to confine the human head in its tight grasp, and thus hold it up to the public gaze (9). These words help describe the ominous place known as the scaffold. Throughout the Scarlet Letter, the scaffold is a reoccurring symbol that symbolizes human nature throughout the course of the book. In addition to being a symbol of shame and guilt, the scaffold is a form of public punishment and humiliation. Furthermore, the scaffold reveals the development of the story and character involvement with the sin of adultery. The scaffold symbolizes many aspects of human nature throughout the course of the book. The scaffold symbolizes the shame and guilt of sin along with love and punishment. For example, when Hester committed adultery with Dimmesdale, the sin was committed out of love. Hester followed her human nature and heart when she committed the sin. After Hester is convicted of adultery, she is portrayed as an outcast of society. When Hester is seen on the scaffold, she hides her scarlet letter because the letter is viewed as a symbol of sin, shame, guilt, and punishment. Hesters guilt and shame are shown by the way that she stands on the scaffold. She doesnt hold herself in a high manner; however, she slouches and tries to hide from the crowd. While standing on the scaffold, Hester feels alone, isolated, and as if the world is out to get her. Thousands of emotions and thoughts run through Hesters head while she is on the scaffold. In addition to being a symbol of shame and guilt, the scaffold is a form of public punishment and humiliation. Hester is forced to stand in front of her peers and be harassed for the sin she has committed out of love. Hawthorne described how Hester felt as she headed towards the scaffold: She perchance underwent an agony from every footstep of those that thronged to see her, as if her heart had been flung into t...

Universalism,impartialism, & utilitarianism Essay

Universalism,impartialism, & utilitarianism - Essay Example Two of the most powerful theories that have affected and are still affecting how people shape their mindset, goals, and life would be Universalist and Impartialist theories. Universalism is a theory that hinges on a central belief that all people are saved. Universalism is a theory that hinges on a central belief that all people are saved. This salvation has been paid in the most expensive and precious price of the body and blood of Jesus Christ that was shed on the cross. A lot of people ask why it was necessary for Jesus’ sacrifice and Universalists believe that it is the only way for sinful humans to be reconciled to God again after being separated from him because of sin. This salvation applies to all human beings whether they accepted Jesus as their Lord and Savior or not because this redemption would be achieved in one’s lifetime or the afterlife where God will bring people to repentance. This reconciliation does not exclude evil beings. An example of a Universali st point of view would be a mind set wherein one does not depend on one's regularity in church attendance every Sunday because based on this view no amount of good works could save one from eternal death except for Jesus' death on the cross. Another would be the belief that there are no levels of sin. When one chooses to do bad, it displeases the Lord. However, this does not mean that one could be cut off from the love of God. On the other hand, Impartialist theory believes that Impartialism which means choosing something over the other is not necessarily a negative or a positive thing. Being impartial is not closely linked to morality (Hsieh, D., n,d.). This is because of the fact that one can be impartial, choosing another option based on rational qualifications without meaning any harm to the other party. One example of which would be to choose to not go to your friends beach party and yet attend your other friend’s house party because of the fact that you cannot swim. Fur thermore, a person could be impartial in a way that affects his or her action’s morality when one chooses something over the other based on personal motive or gain. A good example of which would be to choose to hire a friend you know is not totally capable of the job just because you can get a wide range of connection from that person and putting off an unfamiliar applicant who is clearly equipped for the job because you don’t see any obvious personal benefits from doing so. Based on the definitions of Impartialist and Universalist theory, both are strongly interconnected with Utilitarianism. Utilitarianism is a philosophy that was first developed by English philosophers John Stuart Mill and Jeremy Bentham. It was based on the experiences of women who were forced into slavery. From this, these philosophers developed the belief that criminals need not only be punished, instead reformed where every being is brought to their utmost positive potential. Thus, Utilitarianism in its entirety is a theory that puts premium on the value of happiness which is achieved in the absences of pain and where pleasure is the ultimate goal (Utilitarianism, n.d.). Impartialism is strongly applied in the theory of Utilitarianism because as Impartialism puts significance in welcoming impartial decisions or actions just as long as it is in line with moral ethics – not having ill motives, which is correlational to Utilitarianism which puts utmost importance on man’s happiness achieved through activities, social acceptance, success, power, luxury, and etc. If one successfully abides in the Impartialist theory, Utilitarianism is achieved as man can reach ultimate happiness. Aside from that, the Impartialist point of view is backed up by what ethics, morality, and at the same time natural law teaches us. Natural law which is the foundation of it all holds the universal law of humans’ right to live, have a decent home, be fed, be nurtured and cared for, be loved, be educated and etc

Article Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 14

Review - Article Example However, today it is asserted by researchers that orbitofrontal cortex plays a role in value-based decisions only. Here, it can be clearly observed that researchers have not provided any logical reason for them not to agree that orbitofrontal cortex can also contribute as the brain makes decisions based on prior experiences or habits. Researchers have simply stated that if the value is cached or pre-computed like experiences or habits, then orbitofrontal cortex is not needed to participate in the decision making process. But, how this change in the functioning or responsibility of the brain area took place has not been discussed in this study (Science Daily). In this study, researchers have shown a unique side of learning behavior, which refers to a persons learning through unexpected outcomes. Generally it is believed that a person learns through his experiences; however, in the article researchers have highlighted another form of true learning, but they have not provided evidence to prove that a person can learn through unexpected outcomes (Science Daily). Furthermore, a conflict in statements of researchers can be observed as initially they have agreed that orbitofrontal cortex has nothing to do with the decisions based on experiences or habits. But, on another occasion this article quotes statement of postdoctoral researcher Joshua Jones, who said that "Our research showed that damage to the orbitofrontal cortex may decrease a persons ability to use prior experience to make good decisions on the fly". Here, it can be observed that researchers have contradictory statements in the same article, which are undoubtedly confusing and difficult to understand (Science Daily). Serious side-effects of drug addiction particularly use of cocaine have been highlighted in the article to indicate that drugs coerce the brain system and hijack